Vocabulary cards work when a learner needs a word, phrase, collocation, translation, or short example. They do not have to be bilingual: a learner may want English to Chinese, French to English, Japanese to English, or a same-language definition. The important choice is what should appear on the front and what answer will prove useful recall. A front that gives away the answer is not a memory test.
Concept cards work for professional knowledge. A good concept card asks one specific question, such as what a term means, which condition changes a decision, why a mechanism matters, or how two similar ideas differ. The answer should be precise enough to check yet short enough to retrieve. If an answer requires a paragraph, split the concept into smaller cards or use a cloze prompt for the key condition.
Cloze cards work best for a compact sentence with one meaningful omission. They are useful for formulas, criteria, definitions, named lists, and wording that must be remembered closely. They are not a cure for a badly structured paragraph. When a source is a dense block of prose, turn it into a question first or isolate the one condition worth blanking.